Hi, friends. Nice to meet u all.
To day onwards i am a one of the member of in the UDL project work Hardware Team. Praveen sir taken a class on the Introduction about Hard Disks. Our Team consists of 5 members.
He explained about Hard disks and DVD's Similar mechanism, visualization and graphical representation as well as alignment between the Disk and Read write head, Encoding and Terminology. DVDs are two types one is single layer and second is Duel layer, it has the capacities of 20 GB and 50 GB.
Blue Ray Disk is the new generation Disk.
Hard Disk consists of:
4 bits = 1 nibble
8 bits = 1 byte
1024 bytes = 1 KB
1024 KB = 1 MB
1024 MB = 1 GB
1024 GB = 1 TB
1024 TB = 1 PETA Byte.
Friday, December 21, 2007
विन्डोज़ शोर्ट कट केय्स..
Windows Shortcut Keys
Notes:
* Some keyboard shortcuts may not work if StickyKeys is turned on in Accessibility Options.
* Some of the Terminal Services client shortcuts that are similar to the shortcuts in Remote Desktop Sharing are not available you use Remote Assistance in Windows XP Home Edition - but then Windows XP Home Edition should not be used on the DPDN
Key Combo
Action
General use keys
Shortcuts with the Windows-logo Key (bottom left between "Ctrl" and "Alt")
Windows Logo Display or hide Start Menu.
Windows Logo+F Display Find: All Files (to search for a file or folder).
Windows Logo+Tab Cycle through the buttons on the Taskbar.
Windows Logo+F Display Find
Windows Logo+Ctrl+F Display Find: Computer (to search for a shared computer).
Windows Logo+F1 Displays Windows Help.
Windows Logo+R Displays the Run command.
Windows Logo+Break Displays the System Properties dialog box.
Windows Logo+E Open My Computer (Windows Explorer)
Windows Logo+M Minimizes all open windows.
Windows Logo+Shift+M Restores all minimized windows.
Windows Logo+U Open Utility Manager
Windows Logo+L Locks Screen.
Windows Logo+D Display the desktop.
Windows Logo+Del Quickly delete something without being asked.
Shortcuts with the general keyboard
F1 Help
Ctrl+C Copy
Ctrl+X Cut
Ctrl+V Paste
Ctrl+B Bold
Ctrl+U Underline
Ctrl+I Italic
Ctrl+H Find and replace
Ctrl+Z Undo
Ctrl+O Brings up a browse dialog and allows you to select a file to open
Ctrl+Y Redo last command
Ctrl+W Close the current document
Shift+Del Permanent delete? - skip recycle bin.
Ctrl While dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
Ctrl+Shift While dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
F2 Rename the selected item
Ctrl+Right Arrow Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word
Ctrl+Left Arrow Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word.
Ctrl+Down Arrow Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph
Ctrl+Up Arrow Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph.
Ctrl+Shift With any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
Shift With any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop - or select text in a document)
Ctrl+A Select All.
F3 Search for a file or a folder
Alt+Enter View the properties for the selected item.
Alt+Enter Display the properties of the selected object.
Alt+Enter Change tiny command prompt window to full screen prompt.
Alt+F4 Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open simultaneously.
Alt+Tab Switch between the open items.
Alt+Esc Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened.
F6 Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop
F4 Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer
Shift+F10 Display the shortcut menu for the selected item
Alt+Spacebar Display the System menu for the active window
Ctrl+Esc Display the Start menu
ALT+Underlined letter ...in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu)
Underlined Letter ...in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)
F10 Activate the menu bar in the active program
Right Arrow Open the next menu to the right -? or open a submenu
Left Arrow Open the next menu to the left -? or close a submenu
F5 Update the active window (refresh)
Backspace View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer
Esc Cancel the current task
Shift (with CD-Rom) When you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)
Ctrl+Alt+Del+Ctrl+Alt+Del Doing this twice will Shut Down and Reboot your computer. This is a last resort option to a severe crash and one that is not recommend! Each time you do this? you cause a little disk fragmentation. If you don't defrag your hard drive on a regular basis? your system will eventually slow down and crash more frequently.
Shift+Enter Creates a line break or soft return.
Shortcuts involving dialog boxes (e.g. Ctrl-O or File -> Open or any other dialog box)
Shift+F8 If you press SHIFT+F8 in extended selection list boxes? you enable extended selection mode. In this mode? you can use an arrow key to move a cursor without changing the selection. You can press CTRL+SPACEBAR or SHIFT+SPACEBAR to adjust the selection. To cancel extended selection mode? press SHIFT+F8 again. Extended selection mode cancels itself when you move the focus to another control.
Ctrl+Tab Move forward through the tabs
Ctrl+Shift+Tab Move backward through the tabs
Tab Move forward through the options
Shift+Tab Move backward through the options
Alt_Underlined letter Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option
Enter Perform the command for the active option or button
Spacebar Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box
Arrow Keys Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons
F1 Display help.
F4 Display the items in the active list.
Backspace Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box
Windows explorer (e.g. "My Computer")
End Display the bottom of the active window.
Home Display the top of the active window.
Num Lock+Asterick (*) Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder.
Num Lock+Plus (+) Display the contents of the selected folder.
Num Lock+ (-) Collapse the selected folder.
Left Arrow Collapse the current selection if it is expanded? or select the parent folder.
F6 Moves among panes.
Ctrl+A Select all the tiems in the current window
F4 Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the toolbar is active in Windows Explorer)
Right Arrow Display the current selection if it is collapsed? or select the first subfolder.
Internet Explorer navigation
Ctrl+B Open the Organize Favorites dialog box
Ctrl+E Open the Search bar
Ctrl+F Start the Find utility
Ctrl+H Open the History bar
Ctrl+I Open the Favorites bar
Ctrl+L Open the Open dialog box? the same as Ctrl+O
Ctrl+N Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address
Ctrl+O Open the Open dialog box? the same as Ctrl+L
Ctrl+P Open the Print dialog box
Ctrl+R Update the current Web page
Ctrl+W Close the current window
Alt+Left Arrow Back
Alt+Right Arrow Forward
Spacebar Scroll Down
Page Down Scroll Down
Shift+Spacebar Scroll Up
Page Up Scroll Up
End End of page
Home Top of page
Alt+Home Goes to default Page
Mouse Click/Keyboard Combo
Shift+right click Displays a shortcut menu containing alternative commands
Shift+double click Runs the alternate default command (the second item on the menu)
Alt+double click Displays Properties
Shift+click Select from the first selected item to here
Ctrl+click Select this item with the others already selected
Printing
Print Screen Pressed and it will save a copy of your desktop to the clipboard? which can then be saved to an application for printing
Alt+PrintScreen Take a screenshot of just the currently selected window to the clipboard? which can then be saved to an application for printing
Specialist applications
Character Map
Right Arrow Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line
Left Arrow Move to the left or to the end of the previous line
Up Arrow Move up one row
Down Arrow Move down one row
Page Up Move up one screen at a time
Page Down Move down one screen at a time
Home Move to the beginning of the line
End Move to the end of the line
Ctrl+Home Move to the first character
Ctrl+End Move to the last character
Spacebar Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a character is selected
Alt+O Display the Favorites menu
MMC Console Window
Ctrl+P Print the current page or active pane
Alt+Minus sign (-) Display the window menu for the active console window
Shift+F10 Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item
F1 Open the Help topic? if any? for the selected item
F5 Update the content of all console windows
Ctrl+F10 Maximize the active console window
Ctrl+F5 Restore the active console window
Alt+Enter Display the Properties dialog box? if any? for the selected item
F2 Rename the selected item
Ctrl+F4 Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window? this shortcut closes the console
Remote Desktop Conn. Nav.
Ctrl+Alt+End Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box
Alt+Page Up Switch between programs from left to right
Alt+Page Down Switch between programs from right to left
Alt+Insert Cycle through the programs in most recently used order
Alt+Home Display the Start menu
Ctrl+Alt+Break Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen
Alt+Delete Display the Windows menu
Ctrl+Alt+Minus sign (-) Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing Alt+Print Screen on a local computer
Ctrl+Alt+Plus sign (+) Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing print screen on a local computer
Notes:
* Some keyboard shortcuts may not work if StickyKeys is turned on in Accessibility Options.
* Some of the Terminal Services client shortcuts that are similar to the shortcuts in Remote Desktop Sharing are not available you use Remote Assistance in Windows XP Home Edition - but then Windows XP Home Edition should not be used on the DPDN
Key Combo
Action
General use keys
Shortcuts with the Windows-logo Key (bottom left between "Ctrl" and "Alt")
Windows Logo Display or hide Start Menu.
Windows Logo+F Display Find: All Files (to search for a file or folder).
Windows Logo+Tab Cycle through the buttons on the Taskbar.
Windows Logo+F Display Find
Windows Logo+Ctrl+F Display Find: Computer (to search for a shared computer).
Windows Logo+F1 Displays Windows Help.
Windows Logo+R Displays the Run command.
Windows Logo+Break Displays the System Properties dialog box.
Windows Logo+E Open My Computer (Windows Explorer)
Windows Logo+M Minimizes all open windows.
Windows Logo+Shift+M Restores all minimized windows.
Windows Logo+U Open Utility Manager
Windows Logo+L Locks Screen.
Windows Logo+D Display the desktop.
Windows Logo+Del Quickly delete something without being asked.
Shortcuts with the general keyboard
F1 Help
Ctrl+C Copy
Ctrl+X Cut
Ctrl+V Paste
Ctrl+B Bold
Ctrl+U Underline
Ctrl+I Italic
Ctrl+H Find and replace
Ctrl+Z Undo
Ctrl+O Brings up a browse dialog and allows you to select a file to open
Ctrl+Y Redo last command
Ctrl+W Close the current document
Shift+Del Permanent delete? - skip recycle bin.
Ctrl While dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
Ctrl+Shift While dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
F2 Rename the selected item
Ctrl+Right Arrow Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word
Ctrl+Left Arrow Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word.
Ctrl+Down Arrow Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph
Ctrl+Up Arrow Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph.
Ctrl+Shift With any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
Shift With any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop - or select text in a document)
Ctrl+A Select All.
F3 Search for a file or a folder
Alt+Enter View the properties for the selected item.
Alt+Enter Display the properties of the selected object.
Alt+Enter Change tiny command prompt window to full screen prompt.
Alt+F4 Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open simultaneously.
Alt+Tab Switch between the open items.
Alt+Esc Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened.
F6 Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop
F4 Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer
Shift+F10 Display the shortcut menu for the selected item
Alt+Spacebar Display the System menu for the active window
Ctrl+Esc Display the Start menu
ALT+Underlined letter ...in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu)
Underlined Letter ...in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)
F10 Activate the menu bar in the active program
Right Arrow Open the next menu to the right -? or open a submenu
Left Arrow Open the next menu to the left -? or close a submenu
F5 Update the active window (refresh)
Backspace View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer
Esc Cancel the current task
Shift (with CD-Rom) When you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)
Ctrl+Alt+Del+Ctrl+Alt+Del Doing this twice will Shut Down and Reboot your computer. This is a last resort option to a severe crash and one that is not recommend! Each time you do this? you cause a little disk fragmentation. If you don't defrag your hard drive on a regular basis? your system will eventually slow down and crash more frequently.
Shift+Enter Creates a line break or soft return.
Shortcuts involving dialog boxes (e.g. Ctrl-O or File -> Open or any other dialog box)
Shift+F8 If you press SHIFT+F8 in extended selection list boxes? you enable extended selection mode. In this mode? you can use an arrow key to move a cursor without changing the selection. You can press CTRL+SPACEBAR or SHIFT+SPACEBAR to adjust the selection. To cancel extended selection mode? press SHIFT+F8 again. Extended selection mode cancels itself when you move the focus to another control.
Ctrl+Tab Move forward through the tabs
Ctrl+Shift+Tab Move backward through the tabs
Tab Move forward through the options
Shift+Tab Move backward through the options
Alt_Underlined letter Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option
Enter Perform the command for the active option or button
Spacebar Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box
Arrow Keys Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons
F1 Display help.
F4 Display the items in the active list.
Backspace Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box
Windows explorer (e.g. "My Computer")
End Display the bottom of the active window.
Home Display the top of the active window.
Num Lock+Asterick (*) Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder.
Num Lock+Plus (+) Display the contents of the selected folder.
Num Lock+ (-) Collapse the selected folder.
Left Arrow Collapse the current selection if it is expanded? or select the parent folder.
F6 Moves among panes.
Ctrl+A Select all the tiems in the current window
F4 Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the toolbar is active in Windows Explorer)
Right Arrow Display the current selection if it is collapsed? or select the first subfolder.
Internet Explorer navigation
Ctrl+B Open the Organize Favorites dialog box
Ctrl+E Open the Search bar
Ctrl+F Start the Find utility
Ctrl+H Open the History bar
Ctrl+I Open the Favorites bar
Ctrl+L Open the Open dialog box? the same as Ctrl+O
Ctrl+N Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address
Ctrl+O Open the Open dialog box? the same as Ctrl+L
Ctrl+P Open the Print dialog box
Ctrl+R Update the current Web page
Ctrl+W Close the current window
Alt+Left Arrow Back
Alt+Right Arrow Forward
Spacebar Scroll Down
Page Down Scroll Down
Shift+Spacebar Scroll Up
Page Up Scroll Up
End End of page
Home Top of page
Alt+Home Goes to default Page
Mouse Click/Keyboard Combo
Shift+right click Displays a shortcut menu containing alternative commands
Shift+double click Runs the alternate default command (the second item on the menu)
Alt+double click Displays Properties
Shift+click Select from the first selected item to here
Ctrl+click Select this item with the others already selected
Printing
Print Screen Pressed and it will save a copy of your desktop to the clipboard? which can then be saved to an application for printing
Alt+PrintScreen Take a screenshot of just the currently selected window to the clipboard? which can then be saved to an application for printing
Specialist applications
Character Map
Right Arrow Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line
Left Arrow Move to the left or to the end of the previous line
Up Arrow Move up one row
Down Arrow Move down one row
Page Up Move up one screen at a time
Page Down Move down one screen at a time
Home Move to the beginning of the line
End Move to the end of the line
Ctrl+Home Move to the first character
Ctrl+End Move to the last character
Spacebar Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a character is selected
Alt+O Display the Favorites menu
MMC Console Window
Ctrl+P Print the current page or active pane
Alt+Minus sign (-) Display the window menu for the active console window
Shift+F10 Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item
F1 Open the Help topic? if any? for the selected item
F5 Update the content of all console windows
Ctrl+F10 Maximize the active console window
Ctrl+F5 Restore the active console window
Alt+Enter Display the Properties dialog box? if any? for the selected item
F2 Rename the selected item
Ctrl+F4 Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window? this shortcut closes the console
Remote Desktop Conn. Nav.
Ctrl+Alt+End Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box
Alt+Page Up Switch between programs from left to right
Alt+Page Down Switch between programs from right to left
Alt+Insert Cycle through the programs in most recently used order
Alt+Home Display the Start menu
Ctrl+Alt+Break Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen
Alt+Delete Display the Windows menu
Ctrl+Alt+Minus sign (-) Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing Alt+Print Screen on a local computer
Ctrl+Alt+Plus sign (+) Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing print screen on a local computer
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